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Nepal has experienced notable changes in living standards since the mid-1990s, including reductions in poverty, increases in income and consumption, and improved access to education and basic services. Literacy has risen for both men and women, with a gradual narrowing of gender gaps. Remittances have become an important component of household income for many families. At the same time, disparities across income groups and regions remain evident, indicating uneven distribution of development gains.

Labour migration has significantly shaped Nepal’s society and economy. It began gradually but surged in the 1990s due to open migration policies and labour demand in Gulf countries. The 1996–2006 internal conflict further pushed young Nepalis to seek work abroad.

Nepal has undergone a remarkable energy transformation, moving from chronic blackouts to becoming a regional exporter of clean hydropower, driven by rapid domestic electrification and significant hydropower investments. With a growing capacity in renewable energy and strategic infrastructure developments, Nepal is positioning itself as a leading clean-energy hub in South Asia, promoting economic growth and social progress.